Peregrines back from brink of extinction

TEMPLE BAR, Arizona — The peregrine falcon can target prey up to a mile away and dive on it at more than 200 mph, faster than any other animal on Earth.

It’s hard to believe the gawky puffballs in Joe Barnes’ gym bag are even members of the same species.

At almost 4 weeks of age, the three peregrine chicks look less like nature’s most advanced guided missile and more like a jumble of yellow legs and white down feathers. They stare up from the bag with wide black eyes and stunned expressions.

Barnes, a biologist with the Nevada Department of Wildlife, just rappelled 50 feet to collect the Nerf-football-sized birds from their nest on a ledge on a cliff overlooking Lake Mead.

Over the next hour, he weighs and measures each of them, collects samples of their feathers and fits metal identification bands loosely around their legs before returning them to the nest.

As he works, two adult falcons circle overhead, one male and one female, squawking anxiously.

“They’re good parents. They don’t want you messing with their young,” he said.

Nearly wiped out

Barnes is in his 15th year working with peregrine falcons. He started studying the once-endangered birds in 2004, while on staff at Lake Mead National Recreation Area.

He said his first several years of research mostly involved “stomping around every mountain range and every cliff” in search of peregrine nests and territories within the 1.5 million-acre recreation area.

In 2012, he started banding the birds and sampling their feathers for signs of mercury and other pollutants. Last year, he added genetic testing to the mix in hopes of tracking the birds’ movements and lineage.

Barnes also monitors falcons elsewhere in Nevada.

The birds represent a major success story for the Endangered Species Act.

Peregrine falcons can be found on every continent except Antarctica, but in North America and parts of Europe they were nearly wiped out by the advent of DDT and similar pesticides in the 1950s. The same environmental contaminant also pushed the bald eagle to the brink.

By the time researchers figured out the cause, peregrines were gone from the eastern U.S. and their numbers elsewhere had declined by 95 percent.

“It was pretty dire. It really was,” said Barnes, who also studies eagles and other birds of prey.

The peregrine was added to the endangered species list in 1970, but its numbers didn’t begin to rebound until after DDT was banned two years later. By 1999, the population was healthy enough to be removed from the endangered list.

A bird in the hand

Based on his research, Barnes believes the peregrine has fully recovered — and then some — across Southern Nevada. In parts of Lake Mead where there were no recorded sightings prior to 1985, the birds have now reached “carrying capacity,” he said.

Barnes usually has an assistant with him in the field, especially when he rappels down cliffs to collect and examine nestlings.

Due to a last-minute cancellation, his assistant on this recent Wednesday is a reporter.

Here’s what you can learn about a young peregrine falcon by holding one in your hands: Even at just a few weeks old, it is surprisingly strong, with sharp talons and powerful legs. You can feel its heart thump and the heat of its body beneath its downy coat. Upon closer inspection, you can see its first brown and white adult feathers poking out from the white fluff at its tail and wings and the corners of its eyes.

Once every few minutes, one of the chicks will begin to squawk — perhaps in response to Barnes plucking a few feathers from its chest or crimping a numbered band around its leg — and its siblings in the gym bag will join in the chorus.

The adult birds answer the call but keep their distance.

Some parents are more protective than others, Barnes said.

“I’ve been hit at full speed,” he said. “It felt like someone punched me in the head.”

Another time he found himself hanging from a rope in front of a nest when the mother bird latched onto his arm and bit his hand to keep him from scooping up her brood.

“I’ve lost a little blood,” Barnes said.

More to learn

Among the things he has discovered about falcons: They are hunters of opportunity that feed on a wide variety of prey, mostly other birds. From the nests he studies, Barnes has collected the remains of more than 100 species of prey — ranging in size from tiny hummingbirds to large cormorants and Canada geese.

And peregrine falcons have extremely high “nest fidelity,” he said. Once they establish a territory, they tend to return to the same cliff or specific ledge year after year to raise their young.

This particular trio of nestlings should be ready to fly on their own after three weeks or so. Typically, they will stick close to the nest for several months after they fledge so their parents can continue to feed them and teach them to hunt.

Little is known about the peregrine life cycle from about 2 years old until it finds a mate and establishes a breeding territory, Barnes said.

“The next step would be to actually put transmitters on them, but that costs money,” he said.

Ironically, the bird’s improved status has made studying it more difficult.

“Peregrines used to be endangered, so in the past it used to be fairly easy to chase down funds to study them,” Barnes said. “Now that they’re doing better, you kind of have to more with less.”

You also can’t be too picky about who you use as an assistant.

Contact Henry Brean at hbrean@reviewjournal.com or 702-383-0350. Follow @RefriedBrean on Twitter.